Computer science
21 ideas, each explained on one page with a 60-second lesson you can play right there.
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AI Alignment
AI alignment steers artificial intelligence toward human goals rather than unintended shortcuts like reward hacking and strategic deception.
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Artificial consciousness
Artificial consciousness is the idea that a non-biological machine or artificial intelligence could have subjective, inner experiences.
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Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Artificial general intelligence is hypothetical software that can learn, reason, and solve novel problems across any domain without reprogramming.
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Attention (machine learning)
Attention is a method in machine learning that calculates how important every component in a sequence is relative to the others.
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ChatGPT
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence chatbot that generates text, speech, and images in response to user prompts.
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Chinese Room
John Searle's thought experiment showing that a computer running a program can mimic human conversation without understanding it.
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Embedding (machine learning)
An embedding is a list of numbers that represents complex data like words or images so a computer can work with them mathematically.
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Entropy
Entropy is a measure of how widely energy in a system spreads out and becomes unavailable to do useful work.
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Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative pre-trained transformers learn broad language patterns on unlabeled data by predicting the next token before adapting to tasks.
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Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
An AI hallucination is a false or misleading statement generated by an artificial intelligence model and presented as true fact.
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Hofstadter's law
Hofstadter's law is the rule that complex work always takes longer than expected, even when you factor in the law itself.
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Infinite scrolling
Infinite scrolling dynamically loads content as you move down a page, replacing pagination and removing natural stopping points.
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Moravec's Paradox
Moravec's paradox shows why computers excel at complex logic like chess but struggle with basic human skills like vision and walking.
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Neural Scaling Law
Neural scaling laws describe how model error reliably drops as parameters, training datasets, and computing power increase.
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Self-Supervised Learning
Self-supervised learning trains AI models by turning raw data into its own practice tests, bypassing the need for manual human labeling.
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Social engineering (security)
Social engineering tricks people into handing over private data or access by exploiting human psychology rather than software bugs.
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Spaced repetition
Spaced repetition is a learning method where you review information at increasing intervals of time instead of all at once.
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Technological singularity
The technological singularity is a hypothetical event where self-improving AI triggers rapid, runaway intelligence growth beyond human control.
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Timeboxing
Timeboxing is a planning method that sets a strict maximum period of time for an activity and refuses to extend it.
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Transformer (machine learning)
Transformers process entire sequences at once using self-attention and positional encodings, replacing sequential neural networks.
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Turing Test
Alan Turing replaced the question of machine thinking with a test: can a computer converse well enough through text to pass as human?